Albert Einstein

**Albert Einstein**
	German-born theoretical physicist
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Spoken text audio	Armenianⓘ
Pronunciation audio	Germanⓘ
Audio recording of the subject's spoken voice	Englishⓘ
Name in native language	Albert Einstein;
Date of birth	14 March 1879; Ulm
Date of death	18 April 1955; Princeton
Manner of death	natural causes;
Cause of death	abdominal aortic aneurysm;
Place of burial	National Museum of Health and Medicine (Albert Einstein's brain);
Country of citizenship	Kingdom of Württemberg (1, 1879–1896); statelessness (2, 1896–1901); Switzerland (3, 1901–); Cisleithania (4, 1911–1912); Weimar Republic (5, 1918–1933); Germany (6, 1933–1933); United States (7, 1940–);
Residence	Einsteinhaus Caputh (Schwielowsee, 1929–1932); Einsteinhaus (Bern, Kramgasse, 49, 1903–1905); Munich; Princeton; Smíchov (1911–); Schaffhausen (1901–1902);
Educated at	ETH Zurich (Bachelor of Science, mathematics education, 1896–1900); Luitpold-Gymnasium (1888–1894); old Kantonsschule (Albert Einstein House) (1896, matura, 1895–1896); University of Zurich (doctorate, physics, –1905);
Doctoral advisor	Alfred Kleiner (1905, first doctoral advisor); Heinrich Burkhardt (second doctoral advisor); Heinrich Friedrich Weber;
Doctoral student	Leó Szilárd;
Occupation	physicist;
Employer	Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property (1902–1909); Charles University; University of Zurich (professor, 1909–1911); German University in Prague (professor, 1911–1912); ETH Zurich (professor, 1912–1914); Kaiser Wilhelm Society (director, 1917–1933); Princeton University (1933–1955); Leiden University; University of Bern (teacher, 1908–1909); Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (president, 1916–1918); Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (professor, 1914–1933); Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (1914–1933); Institute for Advanced Study; Leiden University (Faculteit der Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen, Professor by special appointment, 1920–1946); Bern; University of California, Berkeley;
Member of	Royal Society; Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences; German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (1932–); Lincean Academy (1921–); American Philosophical Society (1930–); Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities; Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Lower Saxony; Academy of Sciences of the USSR; French Academy of Sciences; Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences; American Academy of Arts and Sciences; Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925) (corresponding member of RAS, 1922–); Indian National Science Academy; Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL; Brazilian Academy of Sciences; National Academy of Sciences (Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences, 1922–); National Academy of Sciences (Member of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, 1942–); Centre international de synthèse; Japan Academy (honorary member, 1950–);
Member of political party	German Democratic Party (–1933);
Position held	professor (1911–);
Field of work	theoretical physics;
Native language	German;
Significant event	Nobel Prize winner;
Father	Hermann Einstein;
Mother	Pauline Koch;
Sibling	Maja Einstein;
Child	Hans Albert Einstein; Eduard Einstein; Lieserl (Einstein);
Spouse	Mileva Marić (1903–1919); Elsa Einstein (1919–1936);
Relative	Lina Einstein (female first cousin); Elsa Einstein (female first cousin);
Work location	Bern (1902–1909); Prague (1911–1912); Zurich (1909–1911); Berlin (1914–1933); Caputh; Princeton; Zurich (1912–1914);
Notable work	special relativity; general relativity; photoelectric effect; theory of relativity; theory of Brownian Motion; mass–energy equivalence; Planck constant; Einstein field equations; quantum mechanics; unified field theory; stimulated emission;
Present in work	Marie Curie: The Courage of Knowledge;
Award received	Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science (1920); Nobel Prize in Physics (1921); Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1926); Prix Jules Janssen (1931); Matteucci Medal (1921); Max Planck Medal (1929); Franklin Medal (1935); Copley Medal (1925); Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts order; Josiah Willard Gibbs Lectureship (1934); Honorary doctorate from the University of Geneva; honorary doctor of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1949); honorary doctorate from Princeton University; honorary doctor of the University of Madrid Complutense (1923); Foreign Member of the Royal Society (1921); Member of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (1942); Great Immigrants Award (2009); Pour le Mérite; Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society Te Apārangi; doctor honoris causa from the University of Paris (1928); New Jersey Hall of Fame (2008);
Authority file
	Q937; ISNI: 000000012281955X; VIAF cluster ID: 75121530; GND ID: 118529579; Library of Congress authority ID: n79022889; Bibliothèque nationale de France ID: 119016075; IdRef ID: 026849186; CALIS ID: n2004370668; NDL Authority ID: 00438728; Libraries Australia ID: 36582360; NL CR AUT ID: jn19990002019; HDS ID: 028814; SELIBR ID: 184709; RSL ID (person): 000021094; National Library of Israel ID (old): 000042773; National Library of Spain SpMaBN ID (BNE v1.0): XX834035; National Library of Romania ID: 000074139; Nationale Thesaurus voor Auteursnamen ID: 068350767; NORAF ID: 90053072; NCL ID: 000714101; NUKAT ID: n95300836; U.S. National Archives Identifier: 10582637; NLP ID: a0000001178767; National Library of Korea ID: KAC200103196; Libris-URI: fcrtts5z33mrjqc; National Library of Poland MMS ID: 9810646540205606; National Library of Israel J9U ID: 987007260607605171; FranceArchives agent ID: 166026621; NACSIS-CAT author ID: DA00708434; SBN author ID: CFIV035853; Open Library ID: OL3175986A; Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren author ID: eins001; ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9183-9538; Mathematics Genealogy Project ID: 53269; Union List of Artist Names ID: 500240971; MusicBrainz artist ID: c98c325e-7277-46e8-8b44-e3517f3e041a; IMDb ID: nm0251868
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<nowiki>Albert Einstein; Альберт Эйнштейн; Ալբերտ Այնշտայն; Άλμπερτ Αϊνστάιν; اَلبرٹ آنِسٹایِن; jan Ape Ansan; এলবাৰ্ট আইনষ্টাইন; अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन; Альберт Эйнштейн; Alberto ainstain; अल्बर्ट आइनस्टाइन; آلبرټ آينشټاين; Алберт Айнщайн; Алберт Айнштайн; Alubbaati Ansitayini; 艾拔·愛因斯坦; albert. ainctain; आइन्स्टाइन, आल्बर्ट; Albert Einstein; 阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦; Альберт Ейнштейн; ಆಲ್ಬರ್ಟ್ ಐನ್‍ಸ್ಟೀನ್; Алберт Эйнштейн; 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦; ແອລເບີຣີ ອີນສະໄຕນ໌; 알베르트 아인슈타인; Альберт Эйнштейн; ئالبېرىت ئېينىشتېين; Albert Einstein; Эйнштейн Альберт; अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन; আলবার্ট আইনস্টাইন; Albert Einstein; Алберт Ајнштајн; अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन; آلبرت اینشتین; آلورت انیشتین; Albirt Ayncṭayn; אלבערט איינשטיין; Алберт Еинштеин; ཨལ་བྷར་ཀྲི་ཨ་ཡན་སི་ཊཎ།; ଆଲବର୍ଟ ଆଇନଷ୍ଟାଇନ; अल्बर्ट आइन्स्टाइन; ალბერტ აინშტაინი; Alberts Einšteins; अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन; अल्बर्ट आइन्स्टाइन; ئالبېرىت ئېينىشتېين; ߊߟߑߓߍߙ ߍ߲ߛߑߕߍ߲߫; Hastiin Albert Einstein; ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ; ਐਲਬਰਟ ਆਈਨਸਟਾਈਨ; ایلبرٹ آئینسٹائن; Albert Eynşteyn; አልበርት አይንስታይን; Einsteini Albert; ಅಲ್ಬರ್ಟ್ ಐನ್ ಸ್ಟೈನ್; ئەلبەرت ئاینشتاین; Albert Einstein; ألبرت أينشتاين; အဲလ်ဘတ် အိုင်းစတိုင်း; Альберт Эйнштейн; အဲလ်ဘတ် အိုင်းစတိုင်း; 愛因斯坦; Эйнштейн, Алберт; આલ્બર્ટ આઈન્સ્ટાઈન; 愛因斯坦; Альберт Эйнштейн; 愛因斯坦; Albertus Einstein; آلبرت انیشتین; Альберт Эйнштейн; Albert Einstein; Эйнштейн, Альберт; Albert Anjshtajn; آلبرت اینشتین; 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦; البرٽ آئنسٽائن; ალბერტ აინშტაინი; アルベルト・アインシュタイン; ඇල්බට් අයින්ස්ටයින්; البرٹ آئنسٹائن; البرت اينشتاين; Alberti Anistaayin; אלברט איינשטיין; Алберт Эйнштейн; अल्बर्ट ऐन्स्टायिन्; អាល់បឺត អែងស្តែង; ఆల్బర్ట్ ఐన్ స్టీన్; Albet Énstén; Albérit Éynishtéyn; ꯑꯜꯕꯔ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯢꯟꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯢꯟ; ألبيرط أينشطاين; ஆல்பர்ட் ஐன்ஸ்டைன்; Albert Einstein; Алберт Ајнштајн; Ալպերթ Այնշթայն; ᱟᱞᱵᱚᱨᱴ ᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ; Альбэрт Айнштайн; Алберт Ајнштајн; Алберт Эйнштейн; Alpute.ayinsedan; Альберт Эйнштэйн; Alboert Ainstain; Einštein Al'bert; Albert Eýnşteýn; Альберт Эйнштейн; अल्बर्ट आइनस्टाइन; Эйнштейн, Альберт; Albertas Einšteinas; Альберт Айнштайн; ألبارت إنشتاين; আলবার্ট আইনস্টাইন; آئن سٹائن; อัลเบิร์ต ไอน์สไตน์; Albert Eynşteyn; ആൽബർട്ട് ഐൻസ്റ്റൈൻ; 亞伯特·愛因斯坦; Albert Einstein; Альберт Эйнштейн; Albert Ejnštejn; Эйнштейн, Альберт; अल्बर्ट आइनस्टाइन; 愛因斯坦; 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦; Alberts Einšteins; físico de origen alemán; þýskur vísindamaður, eðlisfræðingur og nóbelsverðlaunahafi (1879-1955); jan li sona wawa li tan ma Tosi; fizikawan bidang fizik teori asal Jerman dan pembangun teori kenisbian; German-American physicist and founder of the theory of relativity; নোবেল পুরস্কার বিজয়ী পদার্থবিজ্ঞানী; Германски физик; fizician teoretician evreu german; جرمن نژاد ماہر طبیعیات اور نظریہ اضافیت کا بانی; tysk fysiker; nemes-amerikan fizigi; 德裔美國物理學家，相對論創立者; 德裔美国物理学家，相对论创立者; Theoretische Physiker, Entwickler vo dr Relativitätstheorie (1879-1955); fizik, nisbiylik nazariyasining muallifi; týskføddur granskari; germana teoria fizikisto; ellaboranto de la teorio de relativeco. Nobel-premiito pri fiziko (1879–1955); německý fyzik; físiko teorétiko i inventor di origen aleman; जर्मनी में जनमल भौतिकी बिद्वान, रिलेटिविटी सिद्धांत के संस्थापक; জার্মান পদার্থবিজ্ঞানী; physicien helvético-américain d'origine allemande; njemački teorijski fizičar; ލިޔުންތެރިއެއް; יידישער פיזיקער; भौतिकशास्त्रातील नोबेल पारितोषिकविजेता शास्त्रज्ञ.; fyzikar a nošer Nobeloweho myta; nhà vật lý lý thuyết người Đức (1879–1955); Vācijā dzimis ebreju izcelsmes fiziķis, relativitātes teorijas attīstītājs; Aleman ken Amerikano a pisiko, nangbangon ti teoria ti relatibidad; теоријски физичар, проналазач теорије релативитета; Γερμανός φυσικός; 犹太裔美国物理学家，相对论的创立者; фізік-тэарэтык, адзін з заснавальнікаў сучаснай тэарэтычнай фізікі, лаўрэат Нобелеўскай прэміі; German-American pheesicist an foonder o the theory o relativity; ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ-ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ-ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉ; tyskfødd fysikar og grunnleggar av relativitetsteorien; tyskfødt fysiker og grunnlegger av relativitetsteorien; Duuts-Zwitsers natuurkundige en uutvinder; عالم فيزياء ألماني; немістің, әлемнің ең ұлы ғалымы,физик және химик; 猶太裔，通理論物理學，獲諾貝爾物理學獎; زانا و فیزیکزانی ئەڵمانی; German-born theoretical physicist; عالم فيزياء نظرية ألماني النشأة (1879–1955); प्रख्यात भौतिक बिज्ञ र थेओर्य ओफ रेल्याठिविटी; ಗಣಿತಜ್ಞ; ဂျာမန်နိုင်ငံဖွား ရူပဗေဒပညာရှင်နှင့် နှိုင်းရသီအိုရီကို တီထွင်ဖန်တီးသူ; 德國猶太裔物理學家，相對論嘅創立人; (1879–1955) német-amerikai elméleti fizikus; જર્મનીનાં મહાન જગવિખ્યાત વૈજ્ઞાનિક; Duits-Zwitsers-Amerikaanse theoretisch natuurkundige en uitvinder (1879–1955); alemaniar-amerikar fisikaria, erlatibitatearen teoriaren sortzailea; գերմանացի-ամերիկացի ֆիզիկոս -տեսաբան․ նոբելյան մրցանակակիր; fizikisto; físic germano-americà creador de la teoria de la relativitat; физик-теоретик, заманса теоретик физикаға нигеҙ һалыусыларҙың береһе, Физика буйынса Нобель премияһы лауреаты; ffisegydd damcaniaethol a anwyd yn yr Almaen; fisikawan bidang fisika teori dan pengembang teori relativitas asal Jerman; primero fisiko i matematiko ke propuzo la konosida teoriya dela relatividad; теоријски физичар немачког порекла; развијач теорије релативности (1879–1955); 猶太裔美國物理學家，相對論創立者; Dútsk-Amerikaanske teoretysk natuerkundige; გერმანელი ფიზიკოს-თეორეტიკოსი; ドイツ出身の理論物理学者 (1879–1955); fisicher teoretic; masanin illimin kimiya physics; theoretischer Physiker (1879–1955); Entwickler der Relativitätstheorie sowie Nobelpreisgewinner 1922; fishigagh va ruggit 'sy Ghermaan; פיזיקאי יהודי-גרמני-אמריקאי, מגדולי המדענים בכל הזמנים; галим, заманча теоретик физикага нигез салучыларның берсе, Физика буенча Нобель премиясе лауреаты, җәмәгать эшлеклесе; physicus et philosophus germanicus; एक जर्मन वैज्ञानिक, सामान्य आपेक्षिकता के ज्ञाता (1879-1955); జర్మన్-జన్మించిన సైద్ధాంతిక భౌతిక శాస్త్రవేత్త (1879–1955); ahli èlmu Amrik kelairan Dètslan; Germaniyada tuwılǵan fizik (1879–1955); கோட்பாட்டு இயற்பியல் அறிஞர்; Duits-gebore teoretiese fisikus; ontwikkelaar van die relatiwiteitsteorie (1879–1955); عالم فيزياء ألماني; fisico svizzero-tedesco e statunitense (1879–1955); ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ; Fysiker; Almanya doğumlu fizikçi (1879–1955); нямецка-амэрыканскі фізык, Нобэлеўскі ляўрэат; shkencëtar me origjinë gjermane (1879–1955); ናሆም ፊዚስቱ; fisiceoir a rugadh sa Ghearmáin; فیزیک‌دان نظری آلمانی‌تبار; Fizîknasê almanî 1879-1955; nemecko-švajčiarsko-americký teoretický fyzik; físico teórico alemão (1879–1955); saksa füüsikateoreetik; ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߣߴߊߡߍߙߌߞߌ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߘߐ߬ߞߏ߬ߦߊ߬ߟߊ (߁߈߇߉–߁߉߅߅); Germany karimba ŋun nyɛ doo; Vokiečių fizikas, reliatyvumo teorijos kūrėjas, Nobelio premijos laureatas (1921).; nemški teoretski fizik in matematik, utemeljitelj teorije relativnosti (1879–1955); Tubong Alemang pisiko (1879–1955); fizicianu Ghîrmanu; saksalaissyntyinen fyysikko ja suhteellisuusteorian luoja; นักฟิสิกส์ทฤษฎีชาวเยอรมัน-อเมริกัน; fizyk teoretyk, noblista, główny twórca teorii względności i współtwórca fizyki kwantowej (1879–1955); ആപേക്ഷികതാ സിദ്ധാന്തത്തിനു രൂപം നൽകിയ ഭൗതികശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞന്‍; 德裔美國物理學家，相對論創立者; физик-теоретик, один из основателей современной теоретической физики, лауреат Нобелевской премии, общественный деятель-гуманист; 독일과 미국의 물리학자 (1879–1955); جرمن ڄائو سائنسدان (1879-1955); njemačko-švicarsko-američki teorijski fizičar; físico e matemático alemán recoñecido internacionalmente por propor a teoría da relatividade.; 德國裔、美國籍嗰物理學家; German-born theoretical physicist (1879–1955); däitsche Physiker; Einstein, Albert; Alberto Einstein; આઇન્સ્ટાઇન; આઈન્સ્ટાઈન; jan Ape Antan; jan Ansan; jan Antan; jan Albert Einstein; jan Einstein; Эйнштейн, Альберт; Эйнштейн; Айнштайн; Эйнштейн А.; Эйнштейн Альберт; А. Эйнштейн; Альберт Энштейн; Эйнштейн, Алберт; Эйнштейн, Альберт; Ալբերտ Էյնշտեյն; 阿尔贝特·爱因斯坦; 艾尔伯特·爱因斯坦; 爱尔伯特·爱因斯坦; 阿爾貝特·愛因斯坦; 艾爾伯特·愛因斯坦; 愛爾伯特·愛因斯坦; 阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦; 爱因斯坦; 爱恩斯坦; 艾因斯坦; 爱恩思坦; 爱因思坦; 愛因斯坦; 愛恩斯坦; 愛恩思坦; 愛因思坦; 爱因斯坦，A.; 亞伯特·愛因斯坦; 艾伯特·愛因斯坦; アインシュタイン; A.Einstein; Альберт Эйнштейн; 愛因斯坦; 阿爾貝特·愛因斯坦; 愛恩斯坦; 艾爾伯特·愛因斯坦; 愛爾伯特·愛因斯坦; 艾因斯坦; 愛恩思坦; 愛因思坦; 亞伯特·愛因斯坦; आइंस्टीन; आइंस्टीन,अल्बर्ट; ఐన్స్టీన్; 아인슈타인; 알버트 아인슈타인; Albert Eynshteyn; Alberto Ejnŝtejno; Ejnŝtejno; إينشطاين; अलबर्ट आइन्स्टीन; अलबर्ट आइन्स्टाइन; अल्बर्ट आइंस्टाइन; आइन्स्टीन; आइंस्टीन; আইনস্টাইন; Альбэрт Эйнштэйн; Альберт Эйнштейн; ߍ߲ߛߑߕߍ߲߫; Æðelbeorht Ānstān; Einšteins; 爱因斯坦; 阿尔贝特·爱因斯坦; 爱恩斯坦; 艾尔伯特·爱因斯坦; 爱尔伯特·爱因斯坦; 艾因斯坦; 爱恩思坦; 爱因思坦; Ајнштајн; Einstein, Albert; Énstén; A. Énstén; إنشتاين; أينشتاين; Ајнштајн; ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ; ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ; ⴰⵏⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ; Einstein Albert; ཨེན་སི་ཐན།; 阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦; 艾伯特·愛因斯坦; Eýnşteýn; A. Einstein; Einstein; အိုင်းစတိုင်း; ئالبێرت ئاینیشتاین; ئەلبێرت ئاینیشتاین; ئەلبێرت ئەنشتاین; ئاینیشتاین; ئانیشتاین; ئەنیشتاین; ئەینیشتاین; ئەنشتاین; A.Einsten; أينشتاين; Αλβέρτος Αϊνστάιν; Αϊνστάιν; 爱因斯坦</nowiki>

Portraits

The oldest picture of Einstein
Albert Einstein with friends Habicht and Solovine, ca. 1903
Crop of Albert Einstein at the first Solvay Conference, 1911.
Second Solvay Conference on Physics, Brussels, 1913.
Albert Einstein, painted by Erich Büttner, 1917
Einstein, photo from 1920
Etching by Hermann Struck, 1920.
with Paul Ehrenfest, 1920
Einstein, photo from 1921
Einstein portrait
Einstein in 1921 (cropped)
Nobel Prize photo, 1921
Einstein and "leaders of the World Zionist Organization" from 1921
Albert Einstein with his wife Elsa Einstein and other Zionist leaders, Menachem Ussishkin, Chaim Weizmann, Mrs. Weizmann, and Ben-Zion Mossinson on arrival in New York, 1921.
Etching by Hermann Struck, 1923.

In 1947 (full original pic)
In 1947 (full)
In 1947 (cropped, facing left)
1947 (cropped, facing right)
1947 (cropped, rework)
Einstein with Robert Oppenheimer
Solvay Conference 1927
Sixth Solvay Conference on Physics, Brussels, 1930.
Tour of the New Brunswick, N.J. Marconi Wireless Station with other scientists, 1921
Einstein, by Doris Ulmann (1931)
U.S. citizenship, 1940
Einstein in his later years
Einstein with his wife Elsa

With Paul Ehrenfest

Einstein and Ehrenfest visiting Pieter Zeeman in Amsterdam (around 1920)
Einstein at the home of Leiden physics professor Paul Ehrenfest, 1920. On his lap is Paul Ehrenfest, Jr.
Albert Einstein and Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, photographed by Ehrenfest in front of his home in Leiden in 1921.